American Foreign Policy And The Education System - 1471 Words

When Noam Chomsky speaks about education, he referred to it as an â€Å"imposed ignorance†. Thoughts on Intellectuals and The School is written by world-renowned linguist, Noam Chomsky as a response to the issues of Western education and the impact it has in the lives of the intellectuals and scholars. Chomsky is noting that intellectuals often cared more about attaining power than exposing the lies and truth. With that, he provided examples from the failure of the American Foreign Policy and decision making system to which the intellectual community fails to contribute its opinions to social issues, and instead, disdained from it. Furthermore, Chomsky suggested that schools should provide more discussions revolving moral and ethical concerns†¦show more content†¦We believe that if with knowledge, comes power, and with power comes a great responsibility, Chomsky was right that what mattered most was not the American intellectuals offering their allegiance to the coun try, but rather exercising their power to challenge the effectiveness of the individuals who represent their nation. Chomsky criticized how the American education system is portraying the country as a dominant power and treating the rest of the world as an American preserve. As such, there is the the justification of unethical behaviors that can affect American student’s perspectives of their superiority toward other country. Chomsky regarded this circumstances as a national disgrace toward American education system. Due to the fact that schools are the fundamental ground for future candidates of intellectuals, technician or troops who will disturb the status quo in the future that responsible for developing the means for the extension of American power. By way of example, history educators have glossed over several facts that certain historical events left a bad mark in history. Such as, the Napoleonic War where thousands of Europeans are killed. It is that debates regarding Napoleon’s legitimacy and moral ethical dilemma are rarely discussed, and history are rather seen as a win or lose situation between two nations at war. This view is very narrow and hinders students from becoming open-minded, problem

The Slave Code Of 1705 And The Declaration Of Independence

The colonies of British North America were a very unequal place in which different classes and races were treated very differently. Despite this, ideas of freedom still developed because the colonists believed that they were being treated unfairly by the British parliament. Two documents that convey that these ideas of freedom were able to develop in a place where the citizens were not treated equally are the â€Å"Virginia Slave Code of 1705† and â€Å"The Declaration of Independence†. The â€Å"Virginia Slave Code of 1705† is a document that rewards white and christian slave owners and punishes any person who is non-white or non-christian. One part of the code states that â€Å"...all servants imported and brought into this country, by sea or land, who were not christians in their native country, shall be accounted and be slave, and as such be here bought and sold notwithtanding a conversion to christianity afterwards†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Virginia Slave Code of 1705†). This would make any non-christian person who was brought into the colony of Virginia a slave. So ideas of religious freedom are nonexistent in the colony and immediately a sense of power was given to christians because christianity was the only religion that was acceptable in the colony. Another section of the code says that â€Å"...That no negros, mulattos, or Indians, although christians, or Jews, Moors, Mahometans, or other infidels, shall, at any time, purchase any christian servant, nor any other, except of their own complexion, or such asShow MoreRelatedVirginia Slave Codes1123 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Virginia Slave Codes The Virginia Slave Codes date all the way to early 1600s. During the 17th century, indentured servants, who decided to work for an affirmed amount of time in replace for their means of access to the New World, were a handy resource of manual labor for the American colonies. Both blacks and whites served under the system (Goldenburg 1). White servants, after working out their time of agreement, often progressed to appreciated places in the society. On the other hand, theirRead MoreSlavery Effects on North America3953 Words   |  16 PagesUnited States from the moment the declaration of independence was signed. It s presence during this critical time period of development in the United States, from the day the United States was founded and beforehand allowed for it to interweave itself in almost all aspects of America; primarily economically, politically, and socially. Slavery impacted America in numerous ways, from the political balancing act of free and slave states, to the growt h of the southern slave centered economy, slaveries presenceRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave Trade ( 1441 A.d )3992 Words   |  16 PagesAtlantic slave trade (1441 A.D.) refers to the transportation of black Africans from their homelands to the New World (James 1). It is estimated that all together approximately 12 million Africans were transported by force from Africa to the Americas (James 1-4). Even though many people pointed out the immorality and the cruelty of slavery, very few could afford to renounce it as a social institution. Slavery was an inseparable part of 17th-18th century world economy (James 1-4). The Atlantic slave tradeRead More Inequality for all2700 Words   |  11 Pagesand feared rebellion. Slave labor was instituted as the new labor system because of the low cost to maintain African slaves. In 1705, the Virginia Slave codes were implemented to confirm slavery as an institution (Public Broadcast Service, 2011). This act by government has sealed the fate of Afric an American’s. Under the slave codes, slaves and their offspring were property, they had no rights, and no punishment was given to slave owners who physically harmed or killed slaves that were rebelliousRead MoreWhiteness as a Field of Study2712 Words   |  11 Pagessearch of the white whale, the American politico-legal system disregarded its basic principles, such as the ones reflected in the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution, in the mad search for the national fantasy of a â€Å"White Republic.† David R. Roediger argues that the genesis of this national fantasy was the necessity to separate the slave-owners from their slaves, making slavery more palatable to the freedom loving Americans. Despite the symbolical importance of racial definitions theRead MoreMy Phone Thesis16066 Words   |  65 Pageswas not a single Arawak on the island. However in 1656, an Amerindian raid from one of the neighbouring islands wiped out their settlement. The raiders â€Å"killed almost all the men, plundered and burnt the houses, but kept the women and children for slaves.† Further havoc occurred in 1666 when a French expedition consisting of 300 men attacked the island, terrorized the people and caused them to flee to the woods. Conditions in Anguilla in the latter part of the seventeenth century were extremely

Hemmingways Lady Brett Ashley free essay sample

The eighteenth century novelist Laurence Stern wrote, â€Å"no body, but he who has felt it, can conceive what a plaguing thing it is to have a man’s mind torn asunder by two projects of equal strength, both obstinately pulling in a contrary direction at the same time. † Hemingway’s Lady Brett Ashley, a divorced socialite, experienced conflicting desires, prompting her to lead an unhappy and confused life. Brett desired to be a self-reliant woman who had complete control over her own life but others were required to meet her physical and emotional needs. Throughout the entire novel, Brett Ashley pushes people away when they get too close in order to insure her freedom and power. This conflict alone illuminates Hemingway’s idea that no one can be entirely independent, occasionally people have to let themselves become vulnerable and let others in. The two painful marriages Brett had already experienced force her in the controlling and independent mindset depicted in the novel; one spouse treated her terribly and the other died tragically. We will write a custom essay sample on Hemmingways Lady Brett Ashley or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lord Ashley, which Brett was in the process of divorcing in the story, treated her horribly. After the war he became crazy, slept with a gun underneath his pillow and threatened to kill her. Her other husband died dreadfully and painfully from dysentery, scaring her forever. Brett realized in order to never feel the pain and inferiority again she would never be able to depend on another man, nor could she get close enough to let him hurt her! But still, the want for love, physical satisfaction, and emotional fulfillment still lingered in her mind, creating her clashing outlook. Moving on from her prior marriages, Brett Ashley meets Jake Barnes, the protagonist in The Sun Also Rises. Although Brett loves Jake (as much as she could love anybody), she clearly manipulates him and uses him throughout the story. She plays upon his deep, obvious feelings for her to gain sympathy, unconditional love, and emotional support while still keeping complete control over their relationship. With Jake, she is emotionally fulfilled and still feels independent because she knows she can be with someone else whenever she wants. But still, whenever she starts to feel stronger feelings or Jake, she separates herself and has sex with someone else. For example, when Jake confesses his love for her she dismisses him, and exclaims that he should hook her up with another man, Pedro Romero the beautiful bullfighter. She refuses to let herself recognize the true emotions she feels for Jake since that would make her defenseless. She also denies Jake because of his casualty of the war; Jake was left impotent. Because of this, Jake and Brett cannot be â€Å"lovers,† and all attempts at a sexually fulfilling relationship are futile. Brett is a passionate, lustful woman who is driven by physical pleasures, something that Jake cannot provide her with. She indulges in her passion for sex and control but still seeks true love, with emotional and physical fulfillment. Unconditional love involves putting another being’s needs before your own, and not always having control. Brett cannot fulfill her dreams of true love because of her equal need for control and independence. Again, proving Hemingway’s thought that no one can be completely self-sufficient and still fulfilled (physically and emotionally).

Accounting Theory and Current IssuesPositive Accounting Theory

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Current Issuesfor Positive Accounting Theory. Answer: Introduction Paul V Dunmore for the Massey University, Wellington situated in New Zealand propounded the article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research of which the critical evaluation is done in the current study. Herein, this research paper an optimistic approach is followed towards the accounting research. A wider review of the intellectual project is made to understand the significance and drawbacks of positive accounting research. The article purpose is to draft a casual description of human behaviour in different account settings. The goal of conducting current literature analysis is to determine the article significance in the field of positive accounting. To uncover the facts an initial summary is specified aiming at main arguments of the article. Furthermore, to develop a deeper understanding of the literature of review research question and theoretical framework is specified in the report. Lastly, to derive a valid conclusion the importance and limitation of the article will be evaluated thoroughly. Article Summary The concept of Positive Accounting Theory is considered to be a vital segment of the academic accounting research that aims at evaluating and forecasting the current practices in accounting. The research is in direct contrast with the normative standards of accounting, which is more focused onto the description of optimal accounting standards. The report explores on how the accounting is applied and recommends the deficiencies in its implementation that leads to overall program ineffectiveness. Half a Defense of Positive Research has specified ways in which it can enhance the positive accounting for promoting the optimal practices, which can be adopted by individuals. The aim of the positive research is to not explore the implications and experiences rather its purpose is to explore the causation. There is a detailed examination done on the ontology and epistemology of positive research and determines what falls short in the current practices of accounting research. The key argument stated in the article is whether positive accounting seeks better theoretical models, which are highly precise and susceptible. Further, stating that the inappropriate progress in a positive accounting is because of the ad hoc quantitative models that are abridged to mere statements of the probable sign of the relationship between two variables. The other elaborated models that occurred from analytical research is unstructured, which makes it difficult to operationalize the same in a suitable manner. Further, there is impelling need for a better measurement that shall help in rigorously testing the theoretical models. The accounting concepts are to be diligently operationalized to upkeep the interesting key concepts that fruitful and important for the businesses. The policy makers are required to draw their focus onto considering the requisite functional forms, which can help in forming a better linear relationship with the already existing concepts of accounting. The Paul V Dunmore showcase the formation of a reliable study to gauge a concept that can be considered as standards for further studies. Thus the approach will help in promoting enhancements within the standards and prevent reinvention of measures for each study. Next, is there is a need for a shift of focus far from the hypothesis testing to estimate the parameters. The confidence intervals for parameters must be compared with the theoretical prediction of such parameters or pick from other studies any comparable measurement. To check whether the result is significantly zero is to check whether the confidence interval comprises of zero, but nonetheless, measured confidence interval shall comprise of significant extra information that the real test does not proclaim. Moreover, the need subsists to archive data of measurement of the significant concepts those that are made to test theory and those that contribute to the archive. Lastly, a need for extensive replication is done for validating the hypothesis testing confirming to the accurateness of measurement. Research Question The current article is based on the Positive Accounting research and thus below following research questions are stated: To make a successful positive research program what measures are required to be taken? What ways are there for analytical modelling? What models of vulnerability are required to tested rigorously? Whether it should focus on the measurement than testing? What is the viability of current results to explore the parameters of applicability of past findings? Theoretical Framework The literature review states the key limitation in performances of positive accounting research, which obstructs it from delivering a complete participation in a wider based project. The key requirement for a valid qualitative research is that the overall concepts maintain the level of testing further to restrain their applicability in research (Creswell, 2013). These theories are required to be formulated through a test against each other to draw a valid conclusion. The requirement for a detailed repetition of research may occur to confirm with the conclusion derived from the different testing of hypothesis. A paradigm shift is also required for further developing a conceptual framework. The shift is marked from theory testing to an evaluation of the basic conceptual outlines of research. To perfect an accounting research, it is important to use enhanced measurement tools. Furthermore, the models should be advanced for forming the base of hypothesis testing. Models framed should be flawless checking that there is no environmental vulnerability subsisting. The criticism framed in the articles is as follows S.NO. Statement criticised by Paul V Dunmore 1 Positive Accounting does not serve any remedy as it states what shall happen rather than what ought to have happened. It does not fulfil the key aim of accounting theory. 2 The positive accounting theory is not free from the value as it focuses on explaining what people shall do disregarding the fact that what are they actually needed to do. 3 The theory makes an assumption that every management and stakeholder action are built on the basis of their self-interest with key goals to enhance their own wealth without looking on the adverse aspects. As per the Kuhn (1970), description of normal science adequately gets in tune with the positive accounting research rather than actual science. Positive accounting research has worthy contribution to serve a wider understanding of human behaviour due to its distinctive setting and specific range of behaviour that accounting embraces. Kuhn also argues that a model is replaceable only when it no longer supports the concept of normal science. For some reasons it has been proclaimed that the social system is not steady but an adoption of the modified system shall help in suiting the advanced knowledge thus not leading to any severe crises. Further, Kuhn uses the notion of a disciplinary matrix for suggesting the positive research through an example that can be used for solving all puzzles, irrespective of the contribution in its social system. The positive accounting theory was almost patented by the Watts and Zimmerman (1990, 1978 and 1986) nonetheless their contribution can be seen really narrow in comparison to the wide-based concept of positive research. Many other aspects of accounting research are not determined by the theoretical model. The aim of accounting research is for extending the base of understanding and application of different theories in accounting research. It is important to ascertain a better approach for validating the finding of this research. Significance and Limitation Of Article The research article propounded by Paul V Dunmore has a significant contribution to serve for deeply understanding the social context of human behaviour. It is due to the unique setting that is being used in this research to ascertain the specific range of behaviour which accounting comprises of. Provided the fact that research paper shall assist in policy makers to use the research for the future development of the theories working onto the existing disadvantages in the models of positive accounting. The theoretical inferences made by Paul V Dunmore for the research analysis viable as it is suitably sustained by valid fact and justifications. Yet there is also a significant limitation in the analysis section. In the current practices, the key output comprises of statistically important coefficients, but the interpretation does not serve the connection suspecting the measurement that is inconsistent with the theories and sample which are not challenged and whose applicability is not verified rather presumed. According to Flick (2015), the tools and models that are supposed to be employed for a comprehensive analysis must be adequate for the objective of study otherwise it shall affect the validity of study adversely because of inadequacies. Limitation and benefit are specified in the study but are not completely clear from the readers point of view. There are suitable constraints identified in the study affecting the research validity, which question the reliability of its use for future studies. Conclusion The current literature concludes that the article has presented a wide data on how the positive accounting research is essentially practised. The study states that there is a lot more development needed to enhance the rigorous theories and most of these have failed when tested. The current article states suitable finding and allow the reader to draw valid inferences from the hypothesis testing. Through this aspect, there shall be confirmation of accurate measurement by which researcher can investigate the boundaries of research findings of the study. References Creswell, J.W., 2013. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage. Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Kuhn, T. S., 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Watts, R. L., Zimmerman, J. L., 1990. Positive accounting theory: A ten year perspective. The Accounting Review 65 (1), 131-156. Watts, R., Zimmerman, J., 1978. Towards a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards. The Accounting Review 53, 112{134. Watts, R., Zimmerman, J., 1986. Positive Accounting Theory. Prentice Hall.